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NUR415 Discussion post:Step 1: Post your response to the following question in the discussion board:What governmental, institutional, or private sector policies could enhance patient engagement and activation? Support your answer using research. Site any sources in 7th ed. APA format.Research is required for all main posts. Don’t forget to format your research using the APA Help Guide or the 7th edition APA Book. Step 2: Read other students posts and respond to at least two of them.Response Posts: In your responses to your classmates, contribute to the discussion with your own original opinions, expand on a classmate’s comments, and/or interpretation of the course materials.NUR415 Student Posts:Student#1: I believe all policies sectors could make improvements to enhance patient engagement and activation. The Affordable Care Act recognizes that engaging patients in their own care is a cornerstone of successful health system reform and is critical to the success of accountable care organizations and patient-centered medical homes. (Hibbard et al., 2013). I do believe sometimes with the nursing shortage and working on limited timing with each patient we just do not have enough time to indulge as a direct care worker. Teaching according to scoring is ideal but sometimes is not practical in the rule world. Myself for instance I strive to provide great patient education at the patient’s literacy level with the time I am allotted. In home health I am only allotted 30-45 mins for 1 routine visit generally to manage the patient’s entire condition (Assessment, Skilled need, Education, Concerns). There is a growing body of evidence showing that patients who are more activated have better health outcomes and care experiences, but there is limited evidence to date about the impact on costs. Emerging evidence indicates that interventions that tailor support to the individual’s level of activation, and that build skills and confidence, are effective in increasing patient activation (Hibbard et al., 2013). In the article research I can conclude that policies and interventions aimed at strengthening patients’ role in managing their health care can contribute to improved outcomes and that patient activation can, and should, be measured as an intermediate outcome of care that is linked to improved outcomes.ReferencesHibbard, J., & Greene, J. (2013). What the evidence shows about patient activation: Better health outcomes and care experiences; Fewer Data on Costs. Health Affairs, 32(2).Student #2: There is evidence that patient engagement, also called patient activation, can be measured (Mason et al., 2020). Although much of the impetus for engagement comes from people’s changing expectations, there is also growing evidence that engagement is directly linked to health outcomes (Mason et al., 2020). Patients who are activated and engaged are more likely to seek health information, engage in disease prevention activities such as health screenings, and undertake self-management of their health through exercise, diet, or medication compliance (Mason et al., 2020).Multi-sector partnerships and patient engagement are increasingly encouraged approaches to improve population health. Patient engagement strategies aim to support patient self-care and health decision-making (Knox et al., 2016). Health care systems traditionally have not addressed upstream health factors and social needs. Partnerships between medical practices and other organizations such as faith-based organizations, local public health departments, and social services/community development agencies may support medical practices’ efforts to engage patients better, promote health, and reduce downstream care costs (Knox et al., 2016). Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) may be well-positioned to cultivate multi-sector partnerships and patient engagement strategies given their responsibilities to meet triple aim targets: lowering costs, increasing quality and satisfaction, and improving population health (Knox et al., 2016). ReferencesKnox, M., Rodriguez, H., & Shortell, S. (2016). Multi-sectoral partnerships and patient-engagement strategies in accountable care organizations. Front Public Health Serv Syst Res., 5(4), 27–33. londonessays.com 10.13023/FPHSSR.0504.05Mason, D. J., Dickson, E.L., Perez, G.A., & McLemore, M.R.(2020). Policy & politics in nursing and health care, (8thed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.NUR425 Discussion Post:Step 1: Choose ONE of the following communicable or tropical diseases:TuberculosisHepatitis BZika virusYellow FeverTyphoid Fever Step #2: Determine the mode of transmission for your chosen disease Step #3: Analyze maps, statistics and reports showing the incidence and spread of your chosen disease worldwide. How has the spread of the disease changed over time? What commonalities do you see between countries with high rates of the disease? Discuss the implication of the disease related to population-based nursing in developing countries. Your post should be 2-3 paragraphs long, following the outlined in the discussion rubric under course materials. In addition, respond to at least two classmates. Use a professional tone when interacting with your peers. Please add to the discussion with informative responses, instead of posts similar to “great idea! I really agree with you.” Make sure that your post and your peer responses are posted by the deadline. APA guidelines and plagiarism prevention matter in discussion posts just like with other scholarly works. Cite all references appropriately using APA format.NUR425 Student Posts:Student#1: I choose yellow fever disease. Yellow fever is an acute viral disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes. The virus is endemic in tropicals areas of Africa, Central, and South

America. Large epidemics of yellow fever occur when infected people introduce the virus into heavily populated areas with high mosquito density and where most people have little or no immunity due to lack of vaccination. In these conditions, infected mosquitoes of the Aedes aegypti species transmit the virus from person to person (Yellow fever, 2019).Forty-seven countries in Africa (34) and Central and South America (13) are either endemic or have endemic regions, yellow fever. A modeling study based on African data sources estimated the burden of yellow fever during 2013 was 84 000–170 000 severe cases and 29 000–60 000 deaths. In past centuries (17th to 19th), yellow fever was transported to North America and Europe, causing large outbreaks that disrupted economies, development, and in some cases, decimated populations (Yellow fever, 2019).There is currently no specific anti-viral drug for yellow fever, but specific care to treat dehydration, liver/kidney failure, and fever improves outcomes. Associated-bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics. Vaccination is the most important means of preventing yellow fever. In high-risk areas, It is important to vaccinate most (80% or more) of the population at risk to prevent transmission in a region with a yellow fever outbreak (Yellow fever, 2019).In 2016, two linked urban yellow fever outbreaks – in Luanda (Angola) and Kinshasa (the Democratic Republic of the Congo), with wider international exportation from Angola to other countries, including China – have shown that yellow fever poses a serious global threat requiring new strategic thinking. The Eliminate Yellow Fever Epidemics (EYE) Strategy was developed to respond to the increased threat of yellow fever urban outbreaks with international spread. Steered by WHO, UNICEF, Gavi, and the Vaccine Alliance, EYE supports 40 countries and involves more than 50 partners. The global EYE Strategy is guided by three strategic objectives, which include protecting at-risk populations, prevent the international spread of yellow fever, and contain outbreaks rapidly. Objectives are underpinned by some competencies success such as vaccines; strong political commitment at global, regional, and country levels; research and development for better tools and practices.To guarantee a rapid and effective response to outbreaks, an emergency stockpile of 6 million doses of yellow fever vaccine, funded by Gavi, is continually replenished. It is expected by the end of 2026, that more than 1 billion people will be protected against yellow fever through vaccination (Yellow fever, 2019).ReferenceYellow fever. (2019, May 7). WHO | World Health Organization. londonessays.com #2: The communicable disease that I chose was Tuberculosis. “Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but TB bacteria can attack any part of the body such as the kidney, spine, and brain. Not everyone infected with TB bacteria becomes sick. As a result, two TB-related conditions exist: latent TB infection (LTBI) and TB disease. If not treated properly, TB disease can be fatal” (CDC, 2021). Tuberculosis is a bacteria that is spread through air. So, if a person who is contagious, coughs, speaks or sings is communicable to others because the disease is incorporated in the lungs. As reported by WHO (2021), there are ten countries that have TB patients. These countries are India, China, Indonesia, Nigeria, South Africa, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Philippines, and Democratic Republic of Congo. “In 2008, WHO released the largest survey ever carried out on drug resistant tuberculosis with results from more than 80 countries. The anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in the world report confirmed that the spread of MDR-TB is reaching all corners of the world. But at the same time, the epidemic is far from uniform with regions and countries facing a variety of challenges. It also showed that a few countries had managed to stabilize or reverse the number of cases” (WHO, 2021). Most of the countries that are still fighting with TB have attributed this disease with patients that who have HIV. It has been noted that, especially in the African regions, “a large outbreak of XDR-TB in an HIV-positive population in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, was associated with extremely high mortality and highlighted the vulnerability of TB patients coinfected with HIV” (WHO, 2021). Unfortunately, TB “remains an important public health problem in industrialized countries. The majority of cases occur in minority groups, particularly recently arrived immigrants from countries with high endemicity who often congregate in deprived communities within wealthy cities. The association between TB and poverty is mediated by overcrowding, poorly ventilated housing, malnutrition, smoking, stress, social deprivation and poor social capital. The perceptions of health and illness in many minority groups are altered resulting in a negative impact on health-seeking behaviors and access to services” (Figueroa-Munoz & Ramon-Pardo, 2008). With this understanding, this is enhancing the promotion of self-care through the population-based nurses education. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Tuberculosis. retrieved from Basic TB Facts | TB | CDC (Links to an external site.)World Health Organization. (2021). Tuberculosis. retrieved from WHO | Global map of TB (Links to an external site.)Figueroa-Munoz, J. & Ramon-Pardo, P. (2008) Tuberculosis control in vulnerable groups. World Health Organization. WHO | Tuberculosis control in vulnerable groupsDiscussion Questions Requirements: Main discussion post should be at least 2-3 paragraphs. Two peer responses should be at least 50 words minimum.