1. The following are body mass index (BMI) scores measured in 12 patients who are free of diabetes and participating in a study of risk factors for obesity. Body mass index is measured as the ratio of weight in kilograms to height in meters squared. Generate a 95% confidence interval estimate of the true BMI. 25 27 31 33 26 28 38 41 24 32 35 40 2. Consider the data in Problem 1. How many subjects would be needed to ensure that a 95% confidence interval estimate of BMI had a margin of error not exceeding 2 units? 3. The mean BMI in patients free of diabetes was reported as 28.2. The investigator conducting the study described in Problem 1 hypothesizes that the BMI in patients free of diabetes is higher. Based on the data in Problem 1 is there evidence that the BMI is significantly higher that 28.2? Use a 5% level of significance. 4. Peak expiratory flow (PEF) is a measure of a patient’s ability to expel air from the lungs. Patients with asthma or other respiratory conditions often have restricted PEF. The mean PEF for children free of asthma is 306. An investigator wants to test whether children with chronic bronchitis have restricted PEF. A sample of 40 children with chronic bronchitis are studied and their mean PEF is 279 with a standard deviation of 71. Is there statistical evidence of a lower mean PEF in children with chronic bronchitis? Run the appropriate test at =0.05. 5. Consider again the study in Problem 4, a different investigator conducts a second study to investigate whether there is a difference in mean PEF in children with chronic bronchitis as compared to those without. Data on PEF are collected and summarized below. Based on the data, is there statistical evidence of a lower mean PEF in children with chronic bronchitis as compared to those without? Run the appropriate test at =0.05. 6. Using the data presented in Problem 5, a) Construct a 95% confidence interval for the mean PEF in children without chronic bronchitis. b) How many children would be required to ensure that the margin of error in (a) does not exceed 10 units? 7. A clinical trial is run to investigate the effectiveness of an experimental drug in reducing preterm delivery to a drug considered standard care and to placebo. Pregnant women are enrolled and randomly assigned to receive either the experimental drug, the standard drug or placebo. Women are followed through delivery and classified as delivering preterm (< 37 weeks) or not. The data are shown below. Is there a statistically significant difference in the proportions of women delivering preterm among the three treatment groups? Run the test at a 5% level of significance. 8. Using the data in Problem 7, generate a 95% confidence interval for the difference in proportions of women delivering preterm in the experimental and standard drug treatment groups. 9. Consider the data presented in Problem 7. Previous studies have shown that approximately 32% of women deliver prematurely without treatment. Is the proportion of women delivering prematurely significantly higher in the placebo group? Run the test at a 5% level of significance. 10. A study is run comparing HDL cholesterol levels between men who exercise regularly and those who do not. The data are shown below. Generate a 95% confidence interval for the difference in mean HDL levels between men who exercise regularly and those who do not. 11. A clinical trial is run to assess the effects of different forms of regular exercise on HDL levels in persons between the ages of 18 and 29. Participants in the study are randomly assigned to one of three exercise groups - Weight training, Aerobic exercise or Stretching/Yoga – and instructed to follow the program for 8 weeks. Their HDL levels are measured after 8 weeks and are summarized below. Is there a significant difference in mean HDL levels among the exercise groups? Run the test at a 5% level of significance. HINT: SSerror = 7286.5. 12. Consider again the data in Problem 11. Suppose that in the aerobic exercise group we also measured the number of hours of aerobic exercise per week and the mean is 5.2 hours with a standard deviation of 2.1 hours. The sample correlation is -0.42. a) Estimate the equation of the regression line that best describes the relationship between number of hours of exercise per week and HDL cholesterol level (Assume that the dependent variable is HDL level). b) Estimate the HDL level for a person who exercises 7 hours per week. c) Estimate the HDL level for a person who does not exercise. 13. The table below summarizes baseline characteristics on patients participating in a clinical trial. a) Are there any statistically significant differences in baseline characteristics between treatment groups? Justify your answer. b) Write the hypotheses and the test statistic used to compare ages between groups. (No calculations – just H , H and form of the test statistic) c) Write the hypotheses and the test statistic used to compare % females between groups. (No calculations – just H , H and form of the test statistic) d) Write the hypotheses and the test statistic used to compare educational levels between groups. (No calculations – just H , H and form of the test statistic) 14. A study is designed to investigate whether there is a difference in response to various treatments in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The outcome is patient’s self-reported effect of treatment. The data are shown below. Is there a significant difference in effect of treatment? Run the test at a 5% level of significance. 15. Using the data shown in Problem 14, suppose we focus on the proportions of patients who show improvement. Is there a statistically significant difference in the proportions of patients who show improvement between treatments 1 and 2. Run the test at a 5% level of significance. 16. An analysis is conducted to compare mean tim
e to pain relief (measured in minutes) under four competing treatment regimens Summary statistics on the four treatments are shown below. a) Complete the following ANOVA Table b) Write the hypotheses to be tested. c) Write the decision rule. d) What is the conclusion? 17. The following data were collected in a clinical trial to compare a new drug to a placebo for its effectiveness in lowering total serum cholesterol. Generate a 95% confidence interval for the difference in mean total cholesterol levels between treatments. 18. Using the data in Problem 17, a) Generate a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of all patients with total cholesterol < 200. b) How many patients would be required to ensure that a 95% confidence interval has a margin of error not exceeding 5%? 19. A small pilot study is conducted to investigate the effect of a nutritional supplement on total body weight. Six participants agree to take the nutritional supplement. To assess its effect on body weight, weights are measured before starting the supplementation and then after 6 weeks. The data are shown below. Is there a significant increase in body weight following supplementation? Run the test at a 5% level of significance. 20. The following table was presented in an article summarizing a study to compare a new drug to a standard drug and to a placebo. *Table entries and Mean (SD) or % a) Are there any statistically significant differences in the characteristics shown among the treatments? Justify your answer. b) Consider the test for differences in age among treatments. Write the hypotheses and the formula of the test statistic used (No computations required – formula only). c) Consider the test for differences in insurance coverage among treatments. Write the hypotheses and the formula of the test statistic used (No computations required – formula only). d) Consider the test for differences in disease stage among treatments. Write the hypotheses and the formula of the test statistic used (No computations required – formula only). 21. A small pilot study is run to compare a new drug for chronic pain to one that is currently available. Participants are randomly assigned to receive either the new drug or the currently available drug and report improvement in pain on a 5-point ordinal scale: 1=Pain is much worse, 2=Pain is slightly worse, 3= No change, 4=Pain improved slightly, 5=Pain much improved. Is there a significant difference in self-reported improvement in pain? Use the Mann-Whitney U test with a 5% level of significance. New Drug: 4 5 3 3 4 2 Standard Drug: 2 3 4 1 2 3 22. Answer True or False to each of the following a) The margin of error is always greater than or equal to the standard error. b) If a test is run and p=0.0356, then we can reject H at =0.01. c) If a 95% CI for the difference in two independent means is (-4.5 to 2.1), then the point estimate is -2.1. d) If a 95% CI for the difference in two independent means is (2.1 to 4.5), there is no significant difference in means. e) If a 90% CI for the mean is (75.3 to 80.9), we would reject H : =70 in favor of H : ≠70 at =0.05. 28. A clinical trial is being planned to investigate the effect of a new experimental drug designed to reduce total serum cholesterol. Investigators will enroll participants with total cholesterol levels between 200-240, they will be randomized to receive the new drug or a placebo and followed for 2 months, and the total cholesterol will be measured. Investigators plan to run a test of hypothesis and want 80% power to detect a difference of 10 points in mean total cholesterol levels between groups. They assume that 10% of the participants randomized will be lost over the 2 month follow-up. How many participants must be enrolled in the study? Assume that the standard deviation of total cholesterol is 18.5. a) b) c) 30. For each statement below, indicate whether the statement is true or false. a) In logistic regression, the predictors are dichotomous, and the outcome is a continuous variable. b) When calculating a correlation coefficient between two continuous variables, the scales on which the variables are measured affect the value of the correlation coefficient. c) It is more difficult to reject a null hypothesis if we use a 10% level of significance compared with a 5% level of significance. d) The sample size required to detect an effect size of 0.25 is larger than the sample size required to detect an effect size of 0.50 with 80% power and a 5% level of significance. 31. For each question below, provide a brief (1-2 sentences) response. a) How is the slope coefficient (b ) in a simple linear regression different than the coefficient (b ) in a multiple linear regression model? b) When would a survival analysis model be used instead of a logistic regression model? c) What is the appropriate statistical test to assess whether there is an association between obesity status (normal weight, overweight, obese) and 5-year incident cardiovascular disease (CVD)? Suppose each participant’s obesity status (category) is known as is whether they develop CVD over the next 5 years or not. 32. An observational study is conducted to compare experiences of men and women between the ages of 50-59 years following coronary artery bypass surgery. Participants undergo the surgery and are followed until the time of death, until they are lost to follow-up or up to 30 years, whichever comes first. The following table details the experiences of participating men and women. The data below are years of death or years of last contact for men and women. a) Estimate the Estimate the survival functions for each treatment group using the Kaplan-Meier approach b) Test if there is a significant difference in survival between treatment groups using the log rank test and a 5% level of significance.