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There is no word limit. Aim for minimum 5 page (double spaced ) essay-format answers to provide enough content (outlines are recommended and thesis statements are required). ANY USE OF NON-COURSE MATERIAL IS NOT ALLOWED. One single sentence copied from the internet will mean ‘zero’ for the entire exam. CITATIONS: Students are permitted to quote or paraphrase from lectures, in-class readings and the textbook in order to support your position. It is not necessary to cite general facts or knowledge, only direct citations or paraphrases. DO NOT COPY LONG PASSAGES FROM THE TEXTBOOK/READINGS. One more thing “ please do not use external sources as professor strictly restricted us to use the internet or external source so only use the provided material. Part I: Passage Analysis (10 Points) CHOOSE ONLY ONE OF THE FOLLOWING PASSAGES and provide an analysis of the specific passage. Explain the historical significance of the document. What important themes or concepts does this passage reveal about Classical history? Make sure to consider the economic, political, social and cultural context (both causes and consequences) of the document. Think about the author’s position and intentions in writing this document and explain how it can add important insight into the general narrative of events. The essay must go beyond a general description of the topic and keep the focus on analyzing the significance of the document. Option ONE: Pliny the Younger to Triarius. “As you are so anxious for me to appear in a case in which you are interested (a good cause, you say, which will add to my reputation), I will do so, but not for nothing. ‘Impossible,’ you will say, ‘for you to want a fee!’ But is is possible, and my fee does no more credit than offering my services for nothing. I have a request, or rather a stipulation to make: that Cremutius Ruso shall act with me. This is my usual way of treating young men of distinction, for I take a special pleasure in introducing promising young people to the courts and setting them on the path to fame. My friend Ruso should have my help before anyone, for he comes of a good family and has a marked regard for me, and I think it important for him to be seen and heard in the same case and acting on the same side as myself. Please do me this favour, and do it before you hear him speak; you will thank me for it afterwards…. He is a highly talented young man and will soon be bringing others forward if in the meantime he has his introduction from

us. No one can make a start, however outstanding his abilities, if he lacks scope and opportunity and a patron to support him.” Option Two: Appian, On the Gracchi “As the Romans conquered the Italian tribes, one after another, in war, they seized part of the lands and founded towns there, or placed colonies of their own in those already established, and used them as garrisons. They allotted the cultivated part of the land obtained through war, to settlers, or rented or sold it. Since they had not time to assign the part which lay waste by the war, and this was usually the greater portion, they issued a proclamation that for the time being any who cared to work it could do so for a share of the annual produce, a tenth part of the grain and a fifth of the fruit…. They did this to increase the Italian peoples, considered the hardest working of races, in order to have plenty of supporters at home. But the very opposite result followed; for the wealthy, getting hold of most of the unassigned lands, and being encouraged through the length of time elapsed to think they would never be ousted, and adding, part by purchase and part by violence, the little farms of their poor neighbours to their possessions, came to work great districts instead of one estate, using to this end slaves as labourers and herders, because free labourers might be drafted from agriculture into the army… Thus the powerful citizens became immensely wealthy and the slave class all over the country multiplied, while the Italian race decreased in numbers and vigour…” ANSWER HERE: PART II: Essay Question (10 Points) Using course content and the textbook readings, choose one of the following questions and provide an essay response. The thesis statement MUST provide a clear and decisive answer to the question asked. The essay must take a clear position (your own informed opinion) and evaluate the evidence for and against that position. Remember that there are many correct answers to the question, and the focus is on how well you can assemble evidence from the course to support your claims. Explain which factors you will be comparing/investigating, and why you believe those aspects are the best way to evaluate the answers. Consider social, political, economic and cultural context in your answer. Evaluate the political stability of the Principate of Augustus. Why was Augustus so successful as establishing one-man rule in Rome, and what were the long-term benefits and challenges of rule by an Emperor? ANSWER HERE: