Answer & Explanation:Weve arrived! Your first paper! It should be 2-3 double-spaced pages (12 Font), following this basic structure:1. INTRODUCTION: this includes a thesis statement and a lead-in for your reader, briefly explaining what you are going to do in the paper; include a mention of the relevant authors/philosophers (full name) and their relevant works2. EXPLANATION/BACKGROUND: this includes a clear exposition and explanation of the important arguments/views/ideas that the paper is addressing; this sets the stage for your argument for your thesis3. ARGUMENT: this is the analytic/philosophic heart of the paper, in which you make your case for your thesis4. SUMMARY: here you briefly review what you have done in the paper, to wrap it up for your readerKeep in mind that you are writing for a reader! By the time you get to the composition of your final draft, it all may seem to you like its getting old. But remember that its new to your reader. Make sure the paper is self-contained so that your reader can follow it without having to go to sources to figure it out. Write for an intelligent person who has not taken a philosophy course. (Pick a favorite friend, for example.)TOPICS: Please choose one of the general topics below :1. Select one of Aquinass arguments for the existence of God. Carefully explain it and give your own analysis (in your own words). Evaluate the strength of the argument.2. Explain Descartes method of doubt as it is applied in Med. 1. Explore what life lessons there are in this way of examining what one knows. 3. Neil DeGrasse Tyson has an intriguing response to the argument from design (for the existence of God). Select some aspect of his presentation to carefully explain and analyze. (Video presented in the Announcements.)4. Does Tyson present a convincing case against the argument from design? Explain his view and support your answer. Organize your papers around the given structure. Tell your reader what you will be doing in the paper and introduce the major players, in a short introduction. Take your time! This is not a research paper ~~~ no outside sources, please! Use the bright light of your own intelligence and imagination, our e-Resources and our class Discussions as your primary sources.These papers should demonstrate the standards for solid analytical college papers, which include good grammar, clear organization utilizing paragraphs, a clearly stated thesis and an argument for that thesis. Formal footnotes arent necessary. You may give initials of any text and page number, or e-Resource title, in parentheses *after* the
sentence.Brief Overview of Descartes MeditationsDescartes Meditations comprise an extended argument or, as Descartes the great mathematician thinks of it, proof for the existence of God, the external world and non-physical minds. Descartes argues that he is essentially a thinking thing, and not a physical thing. He argues that his mind comprises his essence and it can exist independent of his body.Meditation 1The method of doubt is employed to deliberately and intentionally, for the purposes of the greater argument, call the maximum number of beliefs into question. Whos to say that Im not dreaming as I sit here on the porch? If I am dreaming, while in my bed sleeping, its false that Im sitting here on the porch. Descartes holds that some beliefs, like those involving fundamental elements of the world, might not be subject to the dream argument. So, in a sort of double whammy, he introduces the possibility of the evil spirit, or evil genius. Whos to say that there is not an evil spirit bent on deceiving us? How could we prove that there is not? He ends the Meditation on the supposition that an evil genius might be deceiving us about anything and everything. This supposition is his deliberately maximizing doubt. Once he calls everything into question that is possible, he will, attempt to show in the end that we can be certain of many things.Meditation 2Does any belief survive the ravages of the evil genius hypothesis? Descartes argues that one does and this one is going to be the solid foundation for a reconstruction of his beliefs. That cornerstone belief is know as the Cogito: I think, therefore I am. Descartes cannot doubt that he exists because he thinks, doubts, fears, etc., and these things require a thinker.Meditation 3Using the Cogito, Descartes argues that God exists. This is one of two arguments for God. The other is in Meditation 5. The argument for Gods existence is the necessary bridge to the argument for the external world. Both arguments are of course complicated and highly controversial. Volumes of philosophy have been written on these.Meditation 4This Meditation centers on an account of human error, in a world created by an omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent God.Meditation 5Here is the second proof for God.Meditation 6Here is the argument that the external world, along with all its objects, exists pretty much as we perceive it, since God is not a deceiver. Also, there is a restatement and reinforcement of the extended argument that there are two kinds of substances in the world: mind and matter.
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